在 Linux 上使用无头 Chrome 访问被拒绝的页面，而在 Windows 上使用 Python 的 Selenium 访问有头 Chrome-IT科技

摘要：问题描述：我在本地机器上使用以下代码：from selenium import webdriver chrom_path = r"C:Users/usersofchromedriver_win32chromedriver.exe" driver = webdriver.Ch...

问题描述：

我在本地机器上使用以下代码：

from selenium import webdriver
chrom_path = r&quot;C:Users/usersofchromedriver_win32chromedriver.exe&quot;
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrom_path)
link = &#039;https://www.google.com/&#039;
driver.get(link)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode(&quot;utf-8&quot;)))
driver.quit()

此代码返回此网站的页面源代码，但是当我在 Linux 服务器 centos7 上访问并使用以下代码时：

from selenium import webdriver

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument(&#039;--headless&#039;)
options.add_argument(&#039;--disable-gpu&#039;)
options.add_argument(&#039;--no-sandbox&#039;)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=&quot;/usr/local/bin/chromedriver&quot;, chrome_options=options)
driver.get(&quot;https://www.google.com&quot;)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode(&quot;utf-8&quot;)))
driver.quit()

此代码也应该返回页面源代码，但此代码返回以下内容：

b&#039;&lt;html>&lt;head>
&lt;title>Access Denied&lt;/title>
&lt;/head>&lt;body>
&lt;h1>Access Denied&lt;/h1>
 
You don\&#039;t have permission to access &quot;http://www.newark.com/&quot; on this server.&lt;p>
Reference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f


&lt;/p>&lt;/body>&lt;/html>&#039;

有人知道为什么相同的代码在不同的操作系统上运行不同吗？

解决方案 1：

根据您在Windows本地机器上进行的代码试验，非无头 Chrome运行良好，而在 Linux 服务器 centos7 上使用无头 Chrome时，您会被重定向到“访问被拒绝”页面。

&lt;html>&lt;head>
&lt;title>Access Denied&lt;/title>
&lt;/head>&lt;body>
&lt;h1>Access Denied&lt;/h1>
 
You don\&#039;t have permission to access &quot;http://www.newark.com/&quot; on this server.&lt;p>
Reference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f


&lt;/p>&lt;/body>&lt;/html>

拒绝访问

根据文章“如何在使用无头 Chrome 时绕过“拒绝访问”页面”，在无头模式下运行的 Chrome 和在有头模式下运行的 Chrome 之间略有不同。核心网络堆栈相同，浏览器在数据包级别传输请求的方式没有差异，这只会指向请求的内容。在检查无头 Chrome 和有头 Chrome 发出的请求时，我们发现无头 Chrome通过其 User-Agent标头使自己为人所知。有头 Chrome的标头几乎相似，除了没有Headless。

无头式 Chrome用户代理为：

Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36

解决方案

因此，一个精确的解决方案是设置用户代理截至 Chrome。Chrome v79.x的用户代理为：

Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36

您可以按如下方式修改代码并执行：

from selenium import webdriver

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument(&#039;--headless&#039;)
options.add_argument(&#039;--no-sandbox&#039;)
options.add_argument(f&#039;user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36&#039;)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=&quot;/usr/local/bin/chromedriver&quot;, chrome_options=options)
driver.get(&quot;https://www.google.com&quot;)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode(&quot;utf-8&quot;)))
driver.quit()

在 Windows 10 操作系统上执行

执行结果Windows-10盒子：

代码块：

from selenium import webdriver

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument(&quot;start-maximized&quot;)
options.add_argument(&#039;--headless&#039;)
options.add_argument(&#039;--no-sandbox&#039;)
options.add_argument(f&#039;user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36&#039;)
options.add_experimental_option(&quot;excludeSwitches&quot;, [&quot;enable-automation&quot;])
options.add_experimental_option(&#039;useAutomationExtension&#039;, False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options, executable_path=r&#039;C:WebDriverschromedriver.exe&#039;)
driver.get(&quot;https://www.google.com&quot;)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode(&quot;utf-8&quot;)))
driver.quit()

控制台输出：

[1214/041553.069:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] &quot;A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.&quot;, source: data:, (0)
[1214/041553.165:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] &quot;A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.&quot;, source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
[1214/041555.336:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] &quot;A cookie associated with a cross-site resource at http://google.co.in/ was set without the `SameSite` attribute. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies with cross-site requests if they are set with `SameSite=None` and `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5088147346030592 and https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.&quot;, source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
b&#039;&lt;html itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/WebPage&quot; lang=&quot;en-IN&quot;>&lt;head>&lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;>&lt;meta content=&quot;origin&quot; name=&quot;referrer&quot;>&lt;meta content=&quot;/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png&quot; itemprop=&quot;image&quot;>&lt;meta content=&quot;origin&quot; name=&quot;referrer&quot;>&lt;title>Google&lt;/title>&lt;script src=&quot;https://apis.google.com/_/scs/abc-static/_/js/k=gapi.gapi.en.7kWSr24wXFc.O/m=gapi_iframes,googleapis_client,plusone/rt=j/sv=1/d=1/ed=1/rs=AHpOoo-i9r7IbCTUQfJ0v-FPhRKRS8aihQ/cb=gapi.loaded_0&quot; nonce=&quot;M5SQ7iANEaS7TdDvxjlnQA==&quot; async=&quot;&quot;>&lt;/script>&lt;script nonce=&quot;M5SQ7iANEaS7TdDvxjlnQA==&quot;>(function(){window.google={kEI:\&#039;0xr0Xe_oJNiV4-EP3NWg2As\&#039;,kEXPI:\&#039;31\&#039;,authuser:0,kscs:\&#039;c9c918f0_0xr0Xe_oJNiV4-EP3NWg2As\&#039;,kGL:\&#039;IN\&#039;,kBL:\&#039;9hVE\&#039;};google.sn=\&#039;webhp\&#039;;google.kHL=\&#039;en-IN\&#039;;google.jsfs=\&#039;Ffpdje\&#039;;})();(function(){google.lc=[];google.li=0;google.getEI=function(a){for(var b;a&amp;&amp;(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute(&quot;eid&quot;)));)a=a.parentNode;return b||google.kEI};google.getLEI=function(a){for(var b=null;a&amp;&amp;(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute(&quot;leid&quot;)));)a=a.parentNode;return b};google.https=function(){return&quot;https:&quot;==window.location.protocol};google.ml=function(){return null};google.time=function(){return(new Date).getTime()};google.log=function(a,b,e,c,g){if(a=google.logUrl(a,b,e,c,g)){b=new Image;var d=google.lc,f=google.li;d[f]=b;b.onerror=b.onload=b.onabort=function(){delete d[f]};google.vel&amp;&amp;google.vel.lu&amp;&amp;google.vel.lu(a);b.src=a;google.li=f+1}};google.logUrl=function(a,b,e,c,g){var d=&quot;&quot;,f=google.ls||&quot;&quot;;e||-1!=b.search(&quot;&amp;ei=&quot;)||(d=&quot;&amp;ei=&quot;+google.getEI(c),-1==b.search(&quot;&amp;lei=&quot;)&amp;&amp;(c=google.getLEI(c))&amp;&amp;(d+=&quot;&amp;lei=&quot;+c));c=&quot;&quot;;!e&amp;&amp;google.cshid&amp;&amp;-1==b.search(&quot;&amp;cshid=&quot;)&amp;&amp;&quot;slh&quot;!=a&amp;&amp;(c=&quot;&amp;cshid=&quot;+google.cshid);a=e||&quot;/&quot;+(g||&quot;gen_204&quot;)+&quot;?atyp=i&amp;ct=&quot;+a+&quot;&amp;cad=&quot;+b+d+f+&quot;&amp;zx=&quot;+google.time()+c;/^http:/i.test(a)&amp;&amp;google.https()&amp;&amp;(google.ml(Error(&quot;a&quot;),!1,{src:a,glmm:1}),a=&quot;&quot;);return a};}).call(this);(function(){google.y={};google.x=function(a,b){if(a)var c=a.id;else{do c=Math.random();while(google.y[c])}google.y[c]=[a,b];return!1};google.lm=[];google.plm=function(a){google.lm.push.apply(google.lm,a)};google.lq=[];google.load=function(a,b,c){google.lq.push([[a],b,c])};google.loadAll=function(a,b){google.lq.push([a,b])};}).call(this);google.f={};(function(){document.documentElement.addEventListener(&quot;submit&quot;,function(b){var a;if(a=b.target){var c=a.getAttribute(&quot;data-submitfalse&quot;);a=&quot;1&quot;==c||&quot;q&quot;==c&amp;&amp;!a.elements.q.value?!0:!1}else a=!1;a&amp;&amp;(b.preventDefault(),b.stopPropagation())},!0);}).call(this);(function(){google.hs={h:true,sie:false};})();(function(){google.c={gl:false,lhc:false};(function(){var e=window.performance;var g=function(a,b,c,d){a.addEventListener?a.removeEventListener(b,c,d||!1):a.attachEvent&amp;&amp;a.detachEvent(&quot;on&quot;+b,c)},h=function(a,b,c,d){a.addEventListener?a.addEventListener(b,c,d||!1):a.attachEvent&amp;&amp;a.attachEvent(&quot;on&quot;+b,c)};google.timers={};google.startTick=function(a){google.timers[a]={t:{start:google.time()},e:{},m:{}}};google.tick=function(a,b,c){google.timers[a]||google.startTick(a);c=void 0!==c?c:google.time();b instanceof Array||(b=[b]);for(var d=0,f;f=b[d++];)google.timers[a].t[f]=c};google.c.e=function(a,b,c){google.timers[a].e[b]=c};google.c.b=function(a){var b=google.timers.load.m;b[a]&amp;&amp;google.ml(Error(&quot;a&quot;),!1,{m:a});b[a]=!0};google.c.u=function(a){var b=google.timers.load.m;if(b[a]){b[a]=!1;for(a in b)if(b[a])return;google.csiReport()}else google.ml(Error(&quot;b&quot;),!1,{m:a})};google.rll=function(a,b,c){var d=function(f){c(f);g(a,&quot;load&quot;,d);g(a,&quot;error&quot;,d)};h(a,&quot;load&quot;,d);b&amp;&amp;h(a,&quot;error&quot;,d)};google.aft=function(a){a.setAttribute(&quot;data-iml&quot;,google.time())};google.startTick(&quot;load&quot;);var k=google.timers.load;a:{var l=k.t;if(e){var m=e.timing;if(m){var n=m.navigationStart,p=m.responseStart;if(p>n&amp;&amp;p&lt;=l.start){l.start=p;k.wsrt=p-n;break a}}e.now&amp;&amp;(k.wsrt=Math.floor(e.now()))}}google.c.b(&quot;pr&quot;);google.c.b(&quot;xe&quot;);if(google.c.gl){var q=function(a){a&amp;&amp;google.aft(a.target)};h(document.documentElement,&quot;load&quot;,q,!0);google.c.glu=function(){g(document.documentElement,&quot;load&quot;,q,!0)}};}).call(this);})();(function(){var b=[function(){google.tick&amp;&amp;google.tick(&quot;load&quot;,&quot;dcl&quot;)}];google.dclc=function(a){b.length?b.push(a):a()};function c(){for(var a;a=b.shift();)a()}window.addEventListener?(document.addEventListener(&quot;DOMContentLoaded&quot;,c,!1),window.addEventListener(&quot;load&quot;,c,!1)):window.attachEvent&amp;&amp;window.attachEvent(&quot;onload&quot;,c);}).call(this);(function(){var b=[];google.jsc={xx:b,x:function(a){b.push(a)},mm:[],m:function(a){google.jsc.mm.length||(google.jsc.mm=a)}};}).call(this);(function(){var f=this||self,g=Date.now||function(){return+new Date};var y={};var aa=function(a,c){if(null===c)return!1;if(&quot;contains&quot;in a&amp;&amp;1==c.nodeType)return a.contains(c);if(&quot;compareDocumentPosition&quot;in a)return a==c||!!(a.compareDocumentPosition(c)&amp;16);for(;c&amp;&amp;a!=c;)c=c.parentNode;return c==a};var ba=function(a,c){return function(d){d||(d=window.event);return c.call(a,d)}},A=function(a){a=a.target||a.srcElement;!a.getAttribute&amp;&amp;a.parentNode&amp;&amp;(a=a.parentNode);return a},B=&quot;undefined&quot;!=typeof navigator&amp;&amp;/Macintosh/.test(navigator.userAgent),ca=&quot;undefined&quot;!=typeof navigator&amp;&amp;!/Opera/.test(navigator.userAgent)&amp;&amp;/WebKit/.test(navigator.userAgent),da={A:1,INPUT:1,TEXTAREA:1,SELECT:1,BUTTON:1},ea=function(){this._mouseEventsPrevented=!0},F={A:13,BUTTON:0,CHECKBOX:32,COMBOBOX:13,FILE:0,GRIDCELL:13,LINK:13,LISTBOX:13,MENU:0,MENUBAR:0,MENUITEM:0,MENUITEMCHECKBOX:0,MENUITEMRADIO:0,OPTION:0,RADIO:32,RADIOGROUP:32,RESET:0,SUBMIT:0,SWITCH:32,TAB:0,TREE:13,TREEITEM:13},G={CHECKBOX:!0,FILE:!0,OPTION:!0,RADIO:!0},H={COLOR:!0,DATE:!0,DATETIME:!0,&quot;DATETIME-LOCAL&quot;:!0,EMAIL:!0,MONTH:!0,NUMBER:!0,PASSWORD:!0,RANGE:!0,SEARCH:!0,TEL:!0,TEXT:!0,TEXTAREA:!0,TIME:!0,URL:!0,WEEK:!0},fa={A:!0,AREA:!0,BUTTON:!0,DIALOG:!0,IMG:!0,INPUT:!0,LINK:!0,MENU:!0,OPTGROUP:!0,OPTION:!0,PROGRESS:!0,SELECT:!0,TEXTAREA:!0};var I=function(){this.h=this.a=null},K=function(a,c){var d=J;d.a=a;d.h=c;return d};I.prototype.g=function(){var a=this.a;this.a&amp;&amp;this.a!=this.h?this.a=this.a.__owner||this.a.parentNode:this.a=null;return a};var L=function(){this.i=[];this.a=0;this.h=null;this.j=!1};L.prototype.g=function(){if(this.j)return J.g();if(this.a!=this.i.length){var a=this.i[this.a];this.a++;a!=this.h&amp;&amp;a&amp;&amp;a.__owner&amp;&amp;(this.j=!0,K(a.__owner,this.h));return a}return null};var J=new I,M=new L;var O=function(){this.o=[];this.a=[];this.g=[];this.j={};this.h=null;this.i=[];N(this,&quot;_custom&quot;)},ha=&quot;undefined&quot;!=typeof navigator&amp;&amp;/iPhone|iPad|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),P=String.prototype.trim?function(a){return a.trim()}:function(a){return a.replace(/^\\s+/,&quot;&quot;).replace(/\\s+$/,&quot;&quot;)},ia=/\\s*;\\s*/,ma=function(a,c){return function p(b,l){l=void 0===l?!0:l;var m=c;if(&quot;_custom&quot;==m){m=b.detail;if(!m||!m._type)return;m=m._type}if(&quot;click&quot;==m&amp;&amp;(B&amp;&amp;b.metaKey||!B&amp;&amp;b.ctrlKey||2==b.which||null==b.which&amp;&amp;
4==b.button||b.shiftKey))m=&quot;clickmod&quot;;else{var k=b.which||b.keyCode;ca&amp;&amp;3==k&amp;&amp;(k=13);if(13!=k&amp;&amp;32!=k)k=!1;else{var e=A(b),n;(n=&quot;keydown&quot;!=b.type||!!(!(&quot;getAttribute&quot;in e)||(e.getAttribute(&quot;type&quot;)||e.tagName).toUpperCase()in H||&quot;BUTTON&quot;==e.tagName.toUpperCase()||e.type&amp;&amp;&quot;FILE&quot;==e.type.toUpperCase()||e.isContentEditable)||b.ctrlKey||b.shiftKey||b.altKey||b.metaKey||(e.getAttribute(&quot;type&quot;)||e.tagName).toUpperCase()in G&amp;&amp;32==k)||((n=e.tagName in da)||(n=e.getAttributeNode(&quot;tabindex&quot;),n=null!=n&amp;&amp;n.specified),n=!(n&amp;&amp;!e.disabled));if(n)k=!1;else{n=(e.getAttribute(&quot;role&quot;)||e.type||e.tagName).toUpperCase();var q=!(n in F)&amp;&amp;13==k;e=&quot;INPUT&quot;!=e.tagName.toUpperCase()||!!e.type;k=(0==F[n]%k||q)&amp;&amp;e}}k&amp;&amp;(m=&quot;clickkey&quot;)}e=b.srcElement||b.target;k=Q(m,b,e,&quot;&quot;,null);b.path?(M.i=b.path,M.a=0,M.h=this,M.j=!1,n=M):n=K(e,this);for(;q=n.g();){var h=q;var r=void 0;var v=h;q=m;var t=v.__jsaction;if(!t){var z;t=null;&quot;getAttribute&quot;in v&amp;&amp;(t=v.getAttribute(&quot;jsaction&quot;));if(z=t){t=y[z];if(!t){t={};for(var C=z.split(ia),ja=C?C.length:0,D=0;D&lt;ja;D++){var x=C[D];if(x){var E=x.indexOf(&quot;:&quot;),R=-1!=E,ka=R?P(x.substr(0,E)):&quot;click&quot;;x=R?P(x.substr(E+1)):x;t[ka]=x}}y[z]=t}v.__jsaction=t}else t=la,v.__jsaction=t}v=t;&quot;maybe_click&quot;==q&amp;&amp;v.click?(r=q,q=&quot;click&quot;):&quot;clickkey&quot;==q?q=&quot;click&quot;:&quot;click&quot;!=q||v.click||(q=&quot;clickonly&quot;);r={m:r?r:q,action:v[q]||&quot;&quot;,event:null,s:!1};k=Q(r.m,r.event||b,e,r.action||&quot;&quot;,h,k.timeStamp);if(r.s||r.action)break}k&amp;&amp;&quot;touchend&quot;==k.eventType&amp;&amp;(k.event._preventMouseEvents=ea);if(r&amp;&amp;r.action){if(e=&quot;clickkey&quot;==m)e=A(b),e=(e.type||
e.tagName).toUpperCase(),(e=32==(b.which||b.keyCode)&amp;&amp;&quot;CHECKBOX&quot;!=e)||(e=A(b),n=e.tagName.toUpperCase(),r=(e.getAttribute(&quot;role&quot;)||&quot;&quot;).toUpperCase(),e=&quot;BUTTON&quot;===n||&quot;BUTTON&quot;===r?!0:!(e.tagName.toUpperCase()in fa)||&quot;A&quot;===n||&quot;SELECT&quot;===n||(e.getAttribute(&quot;type&quot;)||e.tagName).toUpperCase()in G||(e.getAttribute(&quot;type&quot;)||e.tagName).toUpperCase()in H?!1:!0);e&amp;&amp;(b.preventDefault?b.preventDefault():b.returnValue=!1);if(&quot;mouseenter&quot;==m||&quot;mouseleave&quot;==m)if(e=b.relatedTarget,!(&quot;mouseover&quot;==b.type&amp;&amp;&quot;mouseenter&quot;==
m||&quot;mouseout&quot;==b.type&amp;&amp;&quot;mouseleave&quot;==m)||e&amp;&amp;(e===h||aa(h,e)))k.action=&quot;&quot;,k.actionElement=null;else{m={};for(var u in b)&quot;function&quot;!==typeof b[u]&amp;&amp;&quot;srcElement&quot;!==u&amp;&amp;&quot;target&quot;!==u&amp;&amp;(m[u]=b[u]);m.type=&quot;mouseover&quot;==b.type?&quot;mouseenter&quot;:&quot;mouseleave&quot;;m.target=m.srcElement=h;m.bubbles=!1;k.event=m;k.targetElement=h}}else k.action=&quot;&quot;,k.actionElement=null;h=k;a.h&amp;&amp;!h.event.a11ysgd&amp;&amp;(u=Q(h.eventType,h.event,h.targetElement,h.action,h.actionElement,h.timeStamp),&quot;clickonly&quot;==u.eventType&amp;&amp;(u.eventType=&quot;click&quot;),a.h(u,!0));if(h.actionElement){if(a.h){!h.actionElement||&quot;A&quot;!=h.actionElement.tagName||&quot;click&quot;!=h.eventType&amp;&amp;&quot;clickmod&quot;!=h.eventType||(b.preventDefault?b.preventDefault():b.returnValue=!1);var w=a.h(h);if(w&amp;&amp;l){p.call(this,w,!1);return}}else{if((u=f.document)&amp;&amp;!u.createEvent&amp;&amp;u.createEventObject)try{w=u.createEventObject(b)}catch(pa){w=b}else w=b;h.event=w;a.i.push(h)}if(&quot;touchend&quot;==h.event.type&amp;&amp;h.event._mouseEventsPrevented){w=h.event;for(var qa in w);g()}}}},Q=function(a,c,d,b,l,p){return{eventType:a,event:c,targetElement:d,action:b,actionElement:l,timeStamp:p||g()}},la={},na=function(a,c){return function(d){var b=a,l=c,p=!1;&quot;mouseenter&quot;==b?b=&quot;mouseover&quot;:&quot;mouseleave&quot;==b&amp;&amp;(b=&quot;mouseout&quot;);if(d.addEventListener){if(&quot;focus&quot;==b||&quot;blur&quot;==b||&quot;error&quot;==b||&quot;load&quot;==b)p=!0;d.addEventListener(b,l,p)}else d.attachEvent&amp;&amp;(&quot;focus&quot;==b?b=&quot;focusin&quot;:&quot;blur&quot;==b&amp;&amp;(b=&quot;focusout&quot;),l=ba(d,l),d.attachEvent(&quot;on&quot;+b,l));return{m:b,l:l,capture:p}}},N=function(a,c){if(!a.j.hasOwnProperty(c)){var d=ma(a,c),b=na(c,d);a.j[c]=d;a.o.push(b);for(d=0;d&lt;a.a.length;++d){var l=a.a[d];l.g.push(b.call(null,l.a))}&quot;click&quot;==c&amp;&amp;N(a,&quot;keydown&quot;)}};O.prototype.l=function(a){return this.j[a]};var V=function(a,c){var d=new oa(c),b;a:{for(b=0;b&lt;a.a.length;b++)if(S(a.a[b],c)){b=!0;break a}b=!1}if(b)return a.g.push(d),d;T(a,d);a.a.push(d);U(a);return d},U=function(a){for(var c=a.g.concat(a.a),d=[],b=[],l=0;l&lt;a.a.length;++l){var p=a.a[l];W(p,c)?(d.push(p),X(p)):b.push(p)}for(l=0;l&lt;a.g.length;++l)p=a.g[l],W(p,c)?d.push(p):(b.push(p),T(a,p));a.a=b;a.g=d},T=function(a,c){var d=c.a;ha&amp;&amp;(d.style.cursor=&quot;pointer&quot;);for(d=0;d&lt;a.o.length;++d)c.g.push(a.o[d].call(null,c.a))},Y=function(a,c){a.h=c;a.i&amp;&amp;
(0&lt;a.i.length&amp;&amp;c(a.i),a.i=null)},oa=function(a){this.a=a;this.g=[]},S=function(a,c){for(var d=a.a,b=c;d!=b&amp;&amp;b.parentNode;)b=b.parentNode;return d==b},W=function(a,c){for(var d=0;d&lt;c.length;++d)if(c[d].a!=a.a&amp;&amp;S(c[d],a.a))return!0;return!1},X=function(a){for(var c=0;c&lt;a.g.length;++c){var d=a.a,b=a.g[c];d.removeEventListener?d.removeEventListener(b.m,b.l,b.capture):d.detachEvent&amp;&amp;d.detachEvent(&quot;on&quot;+b.m,b.l)}a.g=[]};var Z=new O;V(Z,window.document.documentElement);N(Z,&quot;click&quot;);N(Z,&quot;focus&quot;);N(Z,&quot;focusin&quot;);N(Z,&quot;blur&quot;);N(Z,&quot;focusout&quot;);N(Z,&quot;error&quot;);N(Z,&quot;load&quot;);N(Z,&quot;change&quot;);N(Z,&quot;dblclick&quot;);N(Z,&quot;input&quot;);N(Z,&quot;keyup&quot;);N(Z,&quot;keydown&quot;);N(Z,&quot;keypress&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mousedown&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mouseenter&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mouseleave&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mouseout&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mouseover&quot;);N(Z,&quot;mouseup&quot;);N(Z,&quot;paste&quot;);N(Z,&quot;touchstart&quot;);N(Z,&quot;touchend&quot;);N(Z,&quot;touchcancel&quot;);N(Z,&quot;speech&quot;);(function(a){google.jsad=function(c){Y(a,c)};google.jsaac=function(c){return V(a,c)};google.jsarc=function(c){X(c);for(var d=!1,b=0;b&lt;a.a.length;++b)if(a.a[b]===c){a.a.splice(b,1);d=!0;break}if(!d)for(d=0;d&lt;a.g.length;++d)if(a.g[d]===c){a.g.splice(d,1);break}U(a)}})(Z);window.gws_wizbind=function(a){return{trigger:function(c){var d=a.l(c.type);d||(N(a,c.type),d=a.l(c.type));var b=c.target||c.srcElement;d&amp;&amp;d.call(b.ownerDocument.documentElement,c)},bind:function(c){Y(a,c)}}}(Z);}).call(this);(function(){window.jsarwt=function(){return!1};}).call(this);var a=window.location,b=a.href.indexOf(&quot;#&quot;);if(0&lt;=b){var c=a.href.substring(b+1);/(^|&amp;)q=/.test(c)&amp;&amp;-1==c.indexOf(&quot;#&quot;)&amp;&amp;a.replace(&quot;/search?&quot;+c.replace(/(^|&amp;)fp=[^&amp;]*/g,&quot;&quot;)+&quot;&amp;cad=h&quot;)};var k=&quot;function&quot;==typeof Object.defineProperties?Object.defineProperty:function(a,e,c){a!=Array.prototype&amp;&amp;a!=Object.prototype&amp;&amp;(a[e]=c.value)},l=&quot;undefined&quot;!=typeof window&amp;&amp;window===this?this:&quot;undefined&quot;!=typeof global&amp;&amp;null!=global?global:this,m=function(a,e){if(e){for(var c=l,b=a.split(&quot;.&quot;),f=0;f&lt;b.length-1;f++){var d=b[f];d in c||(c[d]={});c=c[d]}b=b[b.length-1];f=c[b];d=e(f);d!=f&amp;&amp;null!=d&amp;&amp;k(c,b,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:d})}};m(&quot;String.prototype.startsWith&quot;,function(a){return a?a:function(e,c){if(null==this)throw new TypeError(&quot;The \&#039;this\&#039; value for String.prototype.startsWith must not be null or undefined&quot;);if(e instanceof RegExp)throw new TypeError(&quot;First argument to String.prototype.startsWith must not be a regular expression&quot;);var b=this+&quot;&quot;;e+=&quot;&quot;;for(var f=b.length,d=e.length,h=Math.max(0,Math.min(c|0,b.length)),g=0;g&lt;d&amp;&amp;h&lt;f;)if(b[h++]!=e[g++])return!1;return g>=d}});google.arwt=function(a){a.href=document.getElementById(a.id.substring(a.id.startsWith(&quot;vcs&quot;)?3:1)).href;return!0};(function(){function e(a){if(!a||/[?&amp;]dsh=1(&amp;|$)/.test(a))return null;if(/[?&amp;]ae=1(&amp;|$)/.test(a)){var c=/[?&amp;]adurl=([^&amp;]+)/.exec(a);if(!c)return null;var 
.
.
.
&lt;textarea class=&quot;csi&quot; name=&quot;csi&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;>&lt;/textarea>
.
.
.
&lt;/script>&lt;script src=&quot;/xjs/_/js/k=xjs.s.en_GB.67AovsT7uRo.O/ck=xjs.s.8N3EJVB8puY.L.W.O/am=AAAAgEUAu-6AIP9vBQAAgB0DAAABbsEGC4QhocJYnYAIEA/d=1/exm=Fkg7bd,HcFEGb,IvlUe,MC8mtf,OF7gzc,RMhBfe,T4BAC,TJw5qb,TbaHGc,Y33vzc,cdos,csi,d,hsm,iDPoPb,jsa,mvYTse,tg8oTe,uz938c,vWNDde,ws9Tlc,yQ43ff/ed=1/dg=2/br=1/ct=zgms/rs=ACT90oGiS0w5o50czzw_k4qZG0GKuVBevw/m=WgDvvc,aa,abd,async,dvl,fEVMic,foot,lu,m,mUpTid,mu,sb_wiz,sf,sonic,spch,xz7cCd?xjs=s1&quot; async=&quot;&quot; gapi_processed=&quot;true&quot;>&lt;/script>&lt;/body>&lt;/html>&#039;

总结

您可以在以下位置找到相关讨论：

在 Selenium 中更改 Google Chrome 用户代理的方法？

解决方案 2：

一些网站拒绝访问无头浏览器。在您的本地计算机上，浏览器不会以无头方式运行，但在 Linux 计算机上则以无头方式运行。您可以通过设置自定义用户代理来规避这种情况：

options.add_argument(&quot;user-agent=whatever you want&quot;)

如果您将其设置为您在 Windows 机器上使用的用户代理，那么就可以了。