非阻塞控制台输入?
- 2024-12-13 08:37:00
- admin 原创
- 78
问题描述:
我正在尝试用 Python 制作一个简单的 IRC 客户端(作为我学习该语言时的一个项目)。
我有一个循环,用于接收和解析 IRC 服务器发送给我的内容,但是如果我用它raw_input
来输入东西,它就会停止循环,直到我输入一些东西(显然)。
我怎样才能输入一些内容而不停止循环?
(我认为我不需要发布代码,我只是想在不while 1:
停止循环的情况下输入一些内容。)
我在 Windows 上。
解决方案 1:
对于 Windows,仅限控制台,使用msvcrt
模块:
import msvcrt
num = 0
done = False
while not done:
print(num)
num += 1
if msvcrt.kbhit():
print "you pressed",msvcrt.getch(),"so now i will quit"
done = True
对于Linux,本文介绍了以下解决方案,它需要termios
模块:
import sys
import select
import tty
import termios
def isData():
return select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0) == ([sys.stdin], [], [])
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
try:
tty.setcbreak(sys.stdin.fileno())
i = 0
while 1:
print(i)
i += 1
if isData():
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
if c == 'x1b': # x1b is ESC
break
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
对于跨平台,或者如果您也想要 GUI,您可以使用 Pygame:
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
def display(str):
text = font.render(str, True, (255, 255, 255), (159, 182, 205))
textRect = text.get_rect()
textRect.centerx = screen.get_rect().centerx
textRect.centery = screen.get_rect().centery
screen.blit(text, textRect)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode( (640,480) )
pygame.display.set_caption('Python numbers')
screen.fill((159, 182, 205))
font = pygame.font.Font(None, 17)
num = 0
done = False
while not done:
display( str(num) )
num += 1
pygame.event.pump()
keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
if keys[K_ESCAPE]:
done = True
解决方案 2:
这是我见过的最棒的解决方案1。粘贴在此处以防链接失效:
#!/usr/bin/env python
'''
A Python class implementing KBHIT, the standard keyboard-interrupt poller.
Works transparently on Windows and Posix (Linux, Mac OS X). Doesn't work
with IDLE.
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
'''
import os
# Windows
if os.name == 'nt':
import msvcrt
# Posix (Linux, OS X)
else:
import sys
import termios
import atexit
from select import select
class KBHit:
def __init__(self):
'''Creates a KBHit object that you can call to do various keyboard things.
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
pass
else:
# Save the terminal settings
self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
# New terminal setting unbuffered
self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO)
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)
# Support normal-terminal reset at exit
atexit.register(self.set_normal_term)
def set_normal_term(self):
''' Resets to normal terminal. On Windows this is a no-op.
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
pass
else:
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term)
def getch(self):
''' Returns a keyboard character after kbhit() has been called.
Should not be called in the same program as getarrow().
'''
s = ''
if os.name == 'nt':
return msvcrt.getch().decode('utf-8')
else:
return sys.stdin.read(1)
def getarrow(self):
''' Returns an arrow-key code after kbhit() has been called. Codes are
0 : up
1 : right
2 : down
3 : left
Should not be called in the same program as getch().
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
msvcrt.getch() # skip 0xE0
c = msvcrt.getch()
vals = [72, 77, 80, 75]
else:
c = sys.stdin.read(3)[2]
vals = [65, 67, 66, 68]
return vals.index(ord(c.decode('utf-8')))
def kbhit(self):
''' Returns True if keyboard character was hit, False otherwise.
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
return msvcrt.kbhit()
else:
dr,dw,de = select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
return dr != []
# Test
if __name__ == "__main__":
kb = KBHit()
print('Hit any key, or ESC to exit')
while True:
if kb.kbhit():
c = kb.getch()
if ord(c) == 27: # ESC
break
print(c)
kb.set_normal_term()
1由Simon D. Levy
制作,是他编写的软件汇编的一部分,并根据Gnu 宽通用公共许可证发布。
解决方案 3:
我最喜欢获取非阻塞输入的方法是在线程中使用 python input():
import threading
class KeyboardThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, input_cbk = None, name='keyboard-input-thread'):
self.input_cbk = input_cbk
super(KeyboardThread, self).__init__(name=name, daemon=True)
self.start()
def run(self):
while True:
self.input_cbk(input()) #waits to get input + Return
showcounter = 0 #something to demonstrate the change
def my_callback(inp):
#evaluate the keyboard input
print('You Entered:', inp, ' Counter is at:', showcounter)
#start the Keyboard thread
kthread = KeyboardThread(my_callback)
while True:
#the normal program executes without blocking. here just counting up
showcounter += 1
独立于操作系统,仅内部库,支持多字符输入
解决方案 4:
这里有一个在 Linux 和 Windows 下使用单独线程运行的解决方案:
import sys
import threading
import time
import Queue
def add_input(input_queue):
while True:
input_queue.put(sys.stdin.read(1))
def foobar():
input_queue = Queue.Queue()
input_thread = threading.Thread(target=add_input, args=(input_queue,))
input_thread.daemon = True
input_thread.start()
last_update = time.time()
while True:
if time.time()-last_update>0.5:
sys.stdout.write(".")
last_update = time.time()
if not input_queue.empty():
print "
input:", input_queue.get()
foobar()
解决方案 5:
在 Linux 上,这里是对 mizipzor 代码的重构,可以使这个过程变得更容易一些,以防您必须在多个地方使用此代码。
import sys
import select
import tty
import termios
class NonBlockingConsole(object):
def __enter__(self):
self.old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
tty.setcbreak(sys.stdin.fileno())
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin, termios.TCSADRAIN, self.old_settings)
def get_data(self):
if select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0) == ([sys.stdin], [], []):
return sys.stdin.read(1)
return False
使用方法如下:此代码将打印一个计数器,该计数器不断增长,直到您按下 ESC 键。
with NonBlockingConsole() as nbc:
i = 0
while 1:
print i
i += 1
if nbc.get_data() == 'x1b': # x1b is ESC
break
解决方案 6:
我认为 curses 库可以提供帮助。
import curses
import datetime
stdscr = curses.initscr()
curses.noecho()
stdscr.nodelay(1) # set getch() non-blocking
stdscr.addstr(0,0,"Press \"p\" to show count, \"q\" to exit...")
line = 1
try:
while 1:
c = stdscr.getch()
if c == ord('p'):
stdscr.addstr(line,0,"Some text here")
line += 1
elif c == ord('q'): break
"""
Do more things
"""
finally:
curses.endwin()
解决方案 7:
....回到最初的问题...
我也在学习 Python,这让我花了很多时间阅读文档和示例,也花了很多脑力...但我认为我找到了一个简单、简短且兼容的解决方案...只需使用输入、列表和线程
'''
what i thought:
- input() in another thread
- that were filling a global strings list
- strings are being popped in the main thread
'''
import threading
consoleBuffer = []
def consoleInput(myBuffer):
while True:
myBuffer.append(input())
threading.Thread(target=consoleInput, args=(consoleBuffer,), daemon=True).start() # start the thread
import time # just to demonstrate non blocking parallel processing
while True:
time.sleep(2) # avoid 100% cpu
print(time.time()) # just to demonstrate non blocking parallel processing
while consoleBuffer:
print(repr(consoleBuffer.pop(0)))
直到这是我找到的最简单和兼容的方法,请注意默认情况下 stdin stdout 和 stderr 共享同一个终端,因此如果在您输入时控制台上打印了某些内容,则输入的“本地回显”可能看起来不一致,但是按下回车键后,输入的字符串会被很好地接收...如果您不想要/喜欢这种行为,请找到一种方法来分离输入/输出区域,如重定向,或尝试其他解决方案,如 curses、tkinter、pygame 等。
奖励:ctrl-c
按键可以轻松处理
try:
# do whatever
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('cancelled by user') or exit() # overload
解决方案 8:
如果您只想从循环中“退出”,您可以拦截 Ctrl-C 信号。
这是跨平台的并且非常简单!
import signal
import sys
def signal_handler(sig, frame):
print('You pressed Ctrl+C!')
sys.exit(0)
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal_handler)
while True:
# do your work here
解决方案 9:
我会按照 Mickey Chan 所说的去做,但我会用它unicurses
来代替普通的诅咒。Unicurses
是通用的(适用于所有或至少几乎所有操作系统)
解决方案 10:
使用 python3.3 及以上版本,您可以使用asyncio
此答案中提到的模块。不过,您必须重构代码才能使用asyncio
。
使用 python asyncio.create_server 实例提示用户输入
解决方案 11:
由于我发现上面的一个答案很有帮助,所以这里有一个类似方法的示例。此代码在输入时创建了节拍器效果。
不同之处在于此代码使用闭包而不是类,这对我来说感觉更直接一些。此示例还包含一个标志,用于通过 终止线程my_thread.stop = True
,但不使用全局变量。我通过(滥用)利用 Python 函数是对象这一事实来实现这一点,因此甚至可以从其内部对其进行 monkey-patched。
注意:停止线程时应谨慎。如果您的线程中有需要某种清理过程的数据,或者该线程产生了自己的线程,则此方法将毫不留情地终止这些进程。
# Begin metronome sound while accepting input.
# After pressing enter, turn off the metronome sound.
# Press enter again to restart the process.
import threading
import time
import winsound # Only on Windows
beat_length = 1 # Metronome speed
def beat_thread():
beat_thread.stop = False # Monkey-patched flag
frequency, duration = 2500, 10
def run(): # Closure
while not beat_thread.stop: # Run until flag is True
winsound.Beep(frequency, duration)
time.sleep(beat_length - duration/1000)
threading.Thread(target=run).start()
while True:
beat_thread()
input("Input with metronome. Enter to finish.
")
beat_thread.stop = True # Flip monkey-patched flag
input("Metronome paused. Enter to continue.
")
解决方案 12:
以下是围绕上述解决方案之一的类包装器:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import threading
import queue
class NonBlockingInput:
def __init__(self, exit_condition):
self.exit_condition = exit_condition
self.input_queue = queue.Queue()
self.input_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_kbd_input, args=(), daemon=True)
self.input_thread.start()
def read_kbd_input(self):
done_queueing_input = False
while not done_queueing_input:
console_input = input()
self.input_queue.put(console_input)
if console_input.strip() == self.exit_condition:
done_queueing_input = True
def input_queued(self):
return_value = False
if self.input_queue.qsize() > 0:
return_value = True
return return_value
def input_get(self):
return_value = ""
if self.input_queue.qsize() > 0:
return_value = self.input_queue.get()
return return_value
if __name__ == '__main__':
NON_BLOCK_INPUT = NonBlockingInput(exit_condition='quit')
DONE_PROCESSING = False
INPUT_STR = ""
while not DONE_PROCESSING:
if NON_BLOCK_INPUT.input_queued():
INPUT_STR = NON_BLOCK_INPUT.input_get()
if INPUT_STR.strip() == "quit":
DONE_PROCESSING = True
else:
print("{}".format(INPUT_STR))
解决方案 13:
下面的示例确实允许在 Windows(仅在 Windows 10 下测试)和 Linux 下从 stdin 进行非阻塞读取,而无需外部依赖项或使用线程。它适用于复制粘贴的文本,它禁用 ECHO,因此它可以用于某种自定义 UI 并使用循环,因此可以轻松处理输入的任何内容。
考虑到上述情况,该示例适用于交互式 TTY,而不是管道输入。
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
if(sys.platform == "win32"):
import msvcrt
import ctypes
from ctypes import wintypes
kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
oldStdinMode = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD()
# Windows standard handle -10 refers to stdin
kernel32.GetConsoleMode(kernel32.GetStdHandle(-10), ctypes.byref(oldStdinMode))
# Disable ECHO and line-mode
# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/setconsolemode
kernel32.SetConsoleMode(kernel32.GetStdHandle(-10), 0)
else:
# POSIX uses termios
import select, termios, tty
oldStdinMode = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
_ = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
# Disable ECHO and line-mode
_[3] = _[3] & ~(termios.ECHO | termios.ICANON)
# Don't block on stdin.read()
_[6][termios.VMIN] = 0
_[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin, termios.TCSAFLUSH, _)
def readStdin():
if(sys.platform == "win32"):
return msvcrt.getwch() if(msvcrt.kbhit()) else ""
else:
return sys.stdin.read(1)
def flushStdin():
if(sys.platform == "win32"):
kernel32.FlushConsoleInputBuffer(kernel32.GetStdHandle(-10))
else:
termios.tcflush(sys.stdin, termios.TCIFLUSH)
try:
userInput = ""
print("Type something: ", end = "", flush = True)
flushStdin()
while 1:
peek = readStdin()
if(len(peek) > 0):
# Stop input on NUL, Ctrl+C, ESC, carriage return, newline, backspace, EOF, EOT
if(peek not in ["